Amino-acizi naturali
Amino-acizii sunt combinatii organice care contin in molecula una sau mai multe grupe amino si una sau mai multe grupe carboxil. Dupa structura, amino-acizii se impart in doua mari categorii:
1.      Alifatici: unde grupele functionale sunt legate de o catena alifatica, chiar daca in molecula exista un nucleu aromatic.
2.      Aromatici: unde grupele functionale sunt legate de un ciclu aromatic.
Dupa asezarea relativa a grupelor functionale se deosebesc α-amino-acizi, β-amino-acizi, γ-amino-acizi, etc. Dintre amino-acizii alifatici, cei mai importanti sunt α-amino-acizi, adica acei amino-acizi care contin grupele functionale legate de acelasi atom de carbon. Se deosebesc mai multe categorii mari de α-amino-acizi alifatici:
1.      monocarboxilici
2.      dicarboxilici
3.      hidroxi-amino-acizi
4.      tioamino-acizi
5.      diamino-acizi
6.      amino-acizi heterociclici

 

Denumirea

Prescurtarea

 

Formula

Amino-acizi  monocarboxilici

Leucina

(acidul α-aminoizocapronic)
Leu
    CH3—CH—CH2—CH—COOH
                 |                    |
               CH3                 NH2

Izoleucina

(acidul α-amino-β-metilvalerianic)

 

Ileu

    CH3—CH2—CH — CH—COOH
                             |         |
                           CH3      NH2

 

Fenilalanina

(acidul α-amino-β-fenil-propionic)

 

Fe

                    —CH2—CH—COOH
                                     |
                                   NH2

 

Glicocolul(glicina)

(acidul aminoacetic)
Gli
    CH2— COOH
       |
     NH2
 
Alanina
(acidul α-aminopropionic)
Ala
    CH3—CH—COOH
                  |
                NH2

Valina

(acidul α-aminoizovalerianic)
Val
     CH3—CH — CH—COOH
                  |         |
                CH3       NH2
Amino-acizi dicarboxilici

Acidul asparagic

(acidul aminosuccinic)
Asp

     HOOC—CH2—CH—COOH

                                    |
                                  NH2
Acidul glutamic
(acidul α-aminoglutaric)
Glu
     HOOC—CH2— CH2—CH—COOH
                                               |
                                             NH2

 

Hidroxi-amino-acizi

Treonina
(acidul α-amino-β-hidroxibutiric)
Tr
    CH3—CH — CH—COOH
                 |           |
                OH      NH2
Tirosina
(acidul α-amino-β-hidroxifenil-propionic)
Ti
  
    HO                    —CH2—CH—COOH
                                               |
                                             NH2
Serina
(acidul α-amino-β-hidroxipropionic)
 
Ser

     CH2 — CH—COOH

       |         |
      OH     NH2

Tio-amino-acizi

Cistina

(acidul di[α-amino-β-tiopropionic] )
Ci—S
Ci—S

HOOC—CH—CH2—S—S– CH2—CH—COOH

                      |                                           |
                 NH2                                     NH2
Metionina
(acidul α-amino-γ-metiltiobutiric)
Met
 CH2 CH2—CH—COOH
   |                     |
    S — CH3          NH2

Cisteina

(acidul α-amino-β-tiopropionic)

 

Cis

     CH2 — CH—COOH

       |          |

      SH      NH2

 

 

Diamino-acizi

Ornitina
(acidul α, δ-diaminovalerianic)
Or
   CH2 CH2CH2—CH—COOH
     |                                |
   NH2                                        NH2

Lisina

(acidul α, ε-diaminocapronic)
Lis
   CH2 CH2CH2—CH2—CH—COOH
    |                                            |
  NH2                                                         NH2

Amino-acizi heterociclici

Prolina
(acidul pirolidin-α-carboxilic)
Pro
                         H2C CH2 
                           |         |
                         H2C      CH—COOH
                                    /
                                NH

 

Hidroxiprolina

(acidul β-hidroxipirolidin-α-carboxilic)
Hipro

              HO—HC — CH2

                               |           |
                        H2C      CH—COOH
                                   /
                               NH
Histidina
(acidul α-amino-β-imidazolil-(4)-propionic)
(imidazolil-(4)-alanina)
His

        N — C — CH2— CH—COOH

         ||       ||                        |
       HC     CH                NH2
                 /
             NH
Triptofanul
(acidul α-amino-β-indolil-(3)-propionic)
(indolil-(3)-alanina)
Tri
                                 
                          CH2CH—COOH
                                             |
                                           NH2

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